Abstract:

Introduction: intramural hematoma of the aortic wall is a component of acute aortic syndrome, and is also considered a precursor of aortic dissection. Due to peculiarities of the natural course, there are significant disagreements in choosing the optimal strategy for the treatment of intramural hematoma.

Aim: was to evaluate the possibility of a differential tactical approach to the treatment of acute intramural aortic hematoma in various situations.

Material and methods: two clinical cases demonstrate different approaches to the treatment of intramural aortic hematoma.

Results: in given clinical examples, a conservative tactics of managing patients with intramural hematoma of the aorta "watch and wait" was applied. However, in the first case, an emergency surgical intervention was required, due to the complicated course of the disease, according to dynamic studies. The second case demonstrated the acceptability of a conservative approach with long-term monitoring of the condition of the aortic wall.

Conclusions: the balance between risks of surgery and the safety of conservative therapy is the cornerstone in deciding on the optimal tactics for treating this pathology.

Abstract

Aim: was to estimate condition of aorta branches in case of aortic dissection, using multislice computed tomography (MSCT): we estimated frequency and type of changes of main branches of the aorta involved in the dissection.

Material and methods: a retrospective analysis of 104 patients with aortic dissection (AD) was performed. All patients were admitted to Scientific-Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after N.V Sklifosovsky All studies were carried out on a multispiral (80x0.5) tomograph in early stages of the disease.

Results: MSCT method allowed to obtain data of the high frequency of transition of aortic dissection to main branches (63.5%), mainly to iliac arteries (81% and 77% of aortic dissection type A and B respectively), both in isolation and in combination with other branches. However, the frequency of occurrence of hemodynamically significant stenosis, both static and dynamic, was significantly higher in groups of visceral branches and brachiocephalic arteries (82% and 71%, respectively).

Conclusion: the CT method allows to evaluate in detail the lumen of the aorta and branches of aorta, and to determine type and degree of stenosis of aortic branches involved in the dissection. Revealed patterns of combining of involvement in different groups of aortic branches in the pathological process, allow to procced more optimized diagnostic search for complications of dissection, including MSCT.

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Abstract

Aim: was to determine characteristic signs of instability and threatening rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms, detected by computed tomography (CT) according to analysis of modern literature.

Materials: international clinical recommendations and studies of 36 domestic and foreign authors on the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using computed tomography (CT) were studied. We studied publications that describe the pathogenetic mechanisms of AAA rupture, structural changes in the aortic wall and surrounding tissues, which can be regarded as signs of the formation of aneurysm rupture.

Conclusion: according to literature, specific CT signs of aortic wall instability and data on the high diagnostic value of some of them are presented. Methodological aspects of the analysis of CT data are described for large aneurysms and complex configurations.

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Abstract:

Acute traumatic aortic rupture is associated with extremely high mortality and requires urgent diagnosis and treatment.

Materials and methods: patient P, 33 years 28.12.2013, fall from a height of 5 floors. On the day of admittion to hospital he was hospitalized to the reanimation department with a diagnosis of «multiple trauma, traumatic shock». For nearest hours after admission MSCT of head, neck, chest organs, abdomen and pelvis were performed.

Results: in series of images of the head and neck revealed multiple fractures of facial bones anc skull base, hemo-sinus.

MSCT chest without contrast enhancement: expanding boundaries revealed the presence of the upper mediastinum content density of 65 Hounsfield units (Ed.N) around the arch and descending aorta, in tissues of the posterior mediastinum. Volume of about 35 cm3 - in the pericardial cavity, ribs on the left with a displacement of fragments, left-sided hemothorax (260 cm3). During examination of abdomen and pelvis in the native phase: in subhepatic space in the liver portal, volume of about 50 cm3 with density of blood multiple fractures of the pelvis. CT with contrast-enhanced bolus revealed uneven expansion in the thoracic aorta isthmus length of 60 mm, with the presence at this level of linear structures intraluminal wall surface (wall laceration), and a narrow zone of extravasation of the contrast agent on the inner contour of the aorta. At the lever portal detected delimited zone of active extravasation of contrast material as a result of breaking its proper hepatic artery which is essentially as a thrombosis of pseudoaneurysm with zone of thrombosis around the periphery and subcapsular rupture of the left lobe of the liver

Ultrasound examination - left-sided hydrothorax, echo signs of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, liver hematoma in the area of the portal, diffuse changes in kidneys («shock» kidney).

Patient underwent primary surgical dressing of face wounds, osteosynthesis of right femur with external fixation device (EFD). Endoprothesis of descending thoracic aorta was performed 29.12.2013. After implantation of the prothesis, celiacography was performed, in which in liver portal, in the place of proper hepatic artery division to the right and left hepatic artery - large-size false aneurysm was revealed.

CT scanning, performed on the 5th day after aortic replacement: there are signs of segmental atelectasis of the lower lobe of the left lung, minimum infiltrative changes in fiber anterior mediastinum, hematoma of the posterior mediastinum (31 cm3. Previously was 191 cm3), and hemopericardium (15 cm3 compared with 35 cm3)

In the process of dynamic observation, it was found that up to 30 days, false aneurysm of proper hepatic artery increased in size, in this regard, the patient was operated on 24.01.14.

Follow-up CT scan with contrast enhancement: branches of the hepatic artery are well visualized, artery aneurysm is not defined

12.02.14, was the dismantling of EFD and manufactured fixation of the right femur pin. After 65 days after the injury and the start of treatment the patient was discharged under the supervision of the surgeon and cardiologist in the community.

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